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The plots above show the values of the function obtained by taking the natural logarithm of the gamma function, lnGamma(z). Note that this introduces complicated branch cut ...

A statistical distribution such as the normal distribution which has a single "peak."

A real number that is b-normal for every base 2, 3, 4, ... is said to be absolutely normal. As proved by Borel (1922, p. 198), almost all real numbers in [0,1) are absolutely ...

A normal series of a group G is a finite sequence (A_0,...,A_r) of normal subgroups such that I=A_0<|A_1<|...<|A_r=G.

Let G be a group with normal series (A_0, A_1, ..., A_r). A normal factor of G is a quotient group A_(k+1)/A_k for some index k<r. G is a solvable group iff all normal ...

Given a matrix equation Ax=b, the normal equation is that which minimizes the sum of the square differences between the left and right sides: A^(T)Ax=A^(T)b. It is called a ...

A number is said to be simply normal to base b if its base-b expansion has each digit appearing with average frequency tending to b^(-1). A normal number is an irrational ...

F_k[P_N(k)](x)=F_k[exp(-N|k|^beta)](x), where F is the Fourier transform of the probability P_N(k) for N-step addition of random variables. Lévy showed that beta in (0,2) for ...

A square matrix A is a normal matrix if [A,A^(H)]=AA^(H)-A^(H)A=0, where [a,b] is the commutator and A^(H) denotes the conjugate transpose. For example, the matrix [i 0; 0 ...

The normal vector, often simply called the "normal," to a surface is a vector which is perpendicular to the surface at a given point. When normals are considered on closed ...