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A transition function describes the difference in the way an object is described in two separate, overlapping coordinate charts, where the description of the same set may ...

A Vandermonde matrix is a type of matrix that arises in the polynomial least squares fitting, Lagrange interpolating polynomials (Hoffman and Kunze p. 114), and the ...

A relation R on a set S is symmetric provided that for every x and y in S we have xRy iff yRx. The symmetric relations on n nodes are isomorphic with the rooted graphs on n ...

If X and Y are independent variates and X+Y is a normal distribution, then both X and Y must have normal distributions. This was proved by Cramér in 1936.

The Grassmannian Gr(n,k) is the set of k-dimensional subspaces in an n-dimensional vector space. For example, the set of lines Gr(n+1,1) is projective space. The real ...

An element of order 2 in a group (i.e., an element A of a group such that A^2=I, where I is the identity element).

An operator of period 2, i.e., an operator * which satisfies ((a)^*)^*=a.

A type of statistic which can be useful for determining asymmetry and tailedness of a population.

The orthogonal decomposition of a matrix into lower trapezoidal matrices.

Also known as the alternating series test. Given a series sum_(n=1)^infty(-1)^(n+1)a_n with a_n>0, if a_n is monotonic decreasing as n->infty and lim_(n->infty)a_n=0, then ...