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The branch of formal logic, also called functional calculus, that deals with representing the logical connections between statements as well as the statements themselves.

At each point on a given a two-dimensional surface, there are two "principal" radii of curvature. The larger is denoted R_1, and the smaller R_2. The "principal directions" ...

A proposition is a mathematical statement such as "3 is greater than 4," "an infinite set exists," or "7 is prime." An axiom is a proposition that is assumed to be true. With ...

A distance g on a set that fulfils the same properties as a metric except relaxes the definition to allow the distance between two different points to be zero. An example of ...

A congruence of the form ax^2+bx+c=0 (mod m), (1) where a, b, and c are integers. A general quadratic congruence can be reduced to the congruence x^2=q (mod p) (2) and can be ...

A quadratic recurrence is a recurrence equation on a sequence of numbers {x_n} expressing x_n as a second-degree polynomial in x_k with k<n. For example, x_n=x_(n-1)x_(n-2) ...

One of the operations exists exists (called the existential quantifier) or for all forall (called the universal quantifier, or sometimes, the general quantifier). However, ...

A set of four, also called a tetrad.

The Rutherford constant is a mathematical constant that arises in plasma physics and is defined by K_R = sqrt(2)int_(-1)^infty([R(x)]^2)/(S[x])dx (1) = 0.8227..., (2) where ...

A test for determining the probability that a given result could not have occurred by chance (its significance).