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Analytic continuation (sometimes called simply "continuation") provides a way of extending the domain over which a complex function is defined. The most common application is ...

A factorization algorithm which works by expressing N as a quadratic form in two different ways. Then N=a^2+b^2=c^2+d^2, (1) so a^2-c^2=d^2-b^2 (2) (a-c)(a+c)=(d-b)(d+b). (3) ...

A method for finding solutions u and v to a linear congruence au+bv=d by constructing a matrix formed by adjoining a vector containing a and b with a unit matrix, M=[a 1 0; b ...

Kakutani's fixed point theorem is a result in functional analysis which establishes the existence of a common fixed point among a collection of maps defined on certain ...

A skew conic, also known as a gauche conic, space conic, twisted conic, or cubical conic section, is a third-order space curve having up to three points in common with a ...

Four circles c_1, c_2, c_3, and c_4 are tangent to a fifth circle or a straight line iff T_(12)T_(34)+/-T_(13)T_(42)+/-T_(14)T_(23)=0. (1) where T_(ij) is the length of a ...

The sine function sinx is one of the basic functions encountered in trigonometry (the others being the cosecant, cosine, cotangent, secant, and tangent). Let theta be an ...

The tangent function is defined by tanx=(sinx)/(cosx), (1) where sinx is the sine function and cosx is the cosine function. The notation tgx is sometimes also used ...

The vertex of an isosceles triangle having angle different from the two equal angles is called the apex of the isosceles triangle. The common polygon vertex at the top of a ...

A two-sided (doubly infinite) Laplace transform, L_t[f(t)](s)=int_(-infty)^inftyf(t)e^(-st)dt. While some authors use this as the primary definition of "the" Laplace ...