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The operation of subtraction, i.e., a minus b. The operation is denoted a-b. The minus sign "-" is also used to denote a negative number, i.e., -x.

A graph or directed graph together with a function which assigns a positive real number to each edge (Harary 1994, p. 52).

For an n-dimensional map, the Lyapunov characteristic exponents are given by sigma_i=lim_(N->infty)ln|lambda_i(N)| for i=1, ..., n, where lambda_i is the Lyapunov ...

The permutohedron is the n-dimensional generalization of the hexagon. The n-permutohedron is the convex hull of all permutations of the vector (x_1,x_2,...,x_(n+1)) in ...

A function or curve is piecewise continuous if it is continuous on all but a finite number of points at which certain matching conditions are sometimes required.

A piecewise linear function is a function composed of some number of linear segments defined over an equal number of intervals, usually of equal size. For example, consider ...

Let chi be a nonprincipal number theoretic character over Z/Zn. Then for any integer h, |sum_(x=1)^hchi(x)|<=2sqrt(n)lnn.

A polygonal diagonal is a line segment connecting two nonadjacent polygon vertices of a polygon. The number of ways a fixed convex n-gon can be divided into triangles by ...

When the group order h of a finite group is a prime number, there is only one possible group of group order h. Furthermore, the group is cyclic.

A number r is an nth root of unity if r^n=1 and a primitive nth root of unity if, in addition, n is the smallest integer of k=1, ..., n for which r^k=1.