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The Legendre symbol is a number theoretic function (a/p) which is defined to be equal to +/-1 depending on whether a is a quadratic residue modulo p. The definition is ...

Multiple edges are two or more edges connecting the same two vertices within a multigraph. Multiple edges of degree d_(ij) between vertex i and vertex j correspond to an ...

The term "parameter" is used in a number of ways in mathematics. In general, mathematical functions may have a number of arguments. Arguments that are typically varied when ...

The term "similarity transformation" is used either to refer to a geometric similarity, or to a matrix transformation that results in a similarity. A similarity ...

A toroidal polyhedron is a polyhedron with genus g>=1 (i.e., one having one or more holes). Examples of toroidal polyhedra include the Császár polyhedron and Szilassi ...

A vector basis of a vector space V is defined as a subset v_1,...,v_n of vectors in V that are linearly independent and span V. Consequently, if (v_1,v_2,...,v_n) is a list ...

A k×n Latin rectangle is a k×n matrix with elements a_(ij) in {1,2,...,n} such that entries in each row and column are distinct. If k=n, the special case of a Latin square ...

The Wiener sum index WS is a graph index defined for a graph on n nodes by WS=1/2sum_(i=1)^nsum_(j=1)^n((d)_(ij))/((Omega)_(ij)), where (d)_(ij) is the graph distance matrix ...

An order-n Costas array is a permutation on {1,...,n} such that the distances in each row of the triangular difference table are distinct. For example, the permutation ...

A biconnected graph is a connected graph having no articulation vertices (Skiena 1990, p. 175). An equivalent definition for graphs on more than two vertices is a graph G ...