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C_4 is one of the two groups of group order 4. Like C_2×C_2, it is Abelian, but unlike C_2×C_2, it is a cyclic. Examples include the point groups C_4 (note that the same ...

The dot product can be defined for two vectors X and Y by X·Y=|X||Y|costheta, (1) where theta is the angle between the vectors and |X| is the norm. It follows immediately ...

The factorial n! is defined for a positive integer n as n!=n(n-1)...2·1. (1) So, for example, 4!=4·3·2·1=24. An older notation for the factorial was written (Mellin 1909; ...

In 1638, Fermat proposed that every positive integer is a sum of at most three triangular numbers, four square numbers, five pentagonal numbers, and n n-polygonal numbers. ...

A set X whose elements can be numbered through from 1 to n, for some positive integer n. The number n is called the cardinal number of the set, and is often denoted |X| or ...

The exponent is the component of a finite floating-point representation that signifies the integer power to which the radix is raised in determining the value of that ...

The squared norm of a four-vector a=(a_0,a_1,a_2,a_3)=a_0+a is given by the dot product a^2=a_mua^mu=(a^0)^2-a·a, (1) where a·a is the usual vector dot product in Euclidean ...

The eight Gell-Mann matrices lambda_i, i=1,...,8, are an example of the set of generators of the Lie algebra associated to the special unitary group SU(3). Explicitly, these ...

The generalized Gell-Mann matrices are the n^2-1 matrices generating the Lie algebra associated to the special unitary group SU(n), n>=2. As their name suggests, these ...

In cylindrical coordinates, the scale factors are h_r=1, h_theta=r, h_z=1, so the Laplacian is given by del ...