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While many computations admit shortcuts that allow them to be performed more rapidly, others cannot be sped up. Computations that cannot be sped up by means of any shortcut ...

A covariant tensor, denoted with a lowered index (e.g., a_mu) is a tensor having specific transformation properties. In general, these transformation properties differ from ...

A (p,q)-graph is edge-graceful if the edges can be labeled 1 through q in such a way that the labels induced on the vertices by summing over incident edges modulo p are ...

The Euler formula, sometimes also called the Euler identity (e.g., Trott 2004, p. 174), states e^(ix)=cosx+isinx, (1) where i is the imaginary unit. Note that Euler's ...

The Euler polynomial E_n(x) is given by the Appell sequence with g(t)=1/2(e^t+1), (1) giving the generating function (2e^(xt))/(e^t+1)=sum_(n=0)^inftyE_n(x)(t^n)/(n!). (2) ...

First-passage percolation is a time-dependent generalization of discrete Bernoulli percolation in which each graph edge e of Z^d is assigned a nonnegative random variable ...

Let C^*(u) denote the number of nowhere-zero u-flows on a connected graph G with vertex count n, edge count m, and connected component count c. This quantity is called the ...

Flower graphs are a name given in this work to the generalization of the flower snarks J_n for positive n=5, 7, 9, ... to all integer n>=5. They are illustrated above for n=5 ...

Pick any two relatively prime integers h and k, then the circle C(h,k) of radius 1/(2k^2) centered at (h/k,+/-1/(2k^2)) is known as a Ford circle. No matter what and how many ...

A forest is an acyclic graph (i.e., a graph without any graph cycles). Forests therefore consist only of (possibly disconnected) trees, hence the name "forest." Examples of ...