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Let u^_ denote the mean of a set of quantities u_i, then the relative deviation is defined by (Deltau_i)/(u^_)=(|u_i-u^_|)/(u^_).

If s_x is the standard deviation of a set of samples x_i and x^_ their mean, then the variation coefficient is defined as V=(s_x)/(x^_).

Let two points x and y be picked randomly from a unit n-dimensional hypercube. The expected distance between the points Delta(n), i.e., the mean line segment length, is then ...

In hexagonal close packing, layers of spheres are packed so that spheres in alternating layers overlie one another. As in cubic close packing, each sphere is surrounded by 12 ...

The pentaflake is a fractal with 5-fold symmetry. As illustrated above, five pentagons can be arranged around an identical pentagon to form the first iteration of the ...

Let G=(V,E) be a finite graph, let Omega be the set Omega={0,1}^E whose members are vectors omega=(omega(e):e in E), and let F be the sigma-algebra of all subsets of Omega. A ...

Let a random n×n (0,1)-matrix have entries which are 1 (with probability p) or 0 (with probability q=1-p) and numbers are assigned to the edges of a grid. A b-cluster is an ...

The conjugate gradient method is an algorithm for finding the nearest local minimum of a function of n variables which presupposes that the gradient of the function can be ...

The Errera graph is the 17-node planar graph illustrated above that tangles the Kempe chains in Kempe's algorithm and thus provides an example of how Kempe's supposed proof ...

An error-correcting code is an algorithm for expressing a sequence of numbers such that any errors which are introduced can be detected and corrected (within certain ...