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A manifold possessing a metric tensor. For a complete Riemannian manifold, the metric d(x,y) is defined as the length of the shortest curve (geodesic) between x and y. Every ...

The mathematical object kappa which controls the rate of geodesic deviation.

Let a triangle have angles A, B, and C, then inequalities include sinA+sinB+sinC<=3/2sqrt(3) (1) 1<=cosA+cosB+cosC<=3/2 (2) sin(1/2A)sin(1/2B)sin(1/2C)<=1/8 (3) ...

The triangular inequalities are the inequalities |x-y|<=z<=x+y for real numbers (x,y,z) (Messiah 1962, p. 1056). If these inequalities hold for any one permutation of ...

An ultrametric is a metric which satisfies the following strengthened version of the triangle inequality, d(x,z)<=max(d(x,y),d(y,z)) for all x,y,z. At least two of d(x,y), ...

Two quantities a and b which are not equal are said to be unequal, and this relationship can be denoted a!=b.

A function f is said to have a upper bound C if f(x)<=C for all x in its domain. The least upper bound is called the supremum. A set is said to be bounded from above if it ...

Let the n×n matrix A satisfy the conditions of the Perron-Frobenius theorem and the n×n matrix C=c_(ij) satisfy |c_(ij)|<=a_(ij) for i,j=1, 2, ..., n. Then any eigenvalue ...

The geometric mean of a sequence {a_i}_(i=1)^n is defined by G(a_1,...,a_n)=(product_(i=1)^na_i)^(1/n). (1) Thus, G(a_1,a_2) = sqrt(a_1a_2) (2) G(a_1,a_2,a_3) = ...

Lagrange's identity is the algebraic identity (sum_(k=1)^na_kb_k)^2=(sum_(k=1)^na_k^2)(sum_(k=1)^nb_k^2)-sum_(1<=k<j<=n)(a_kb_j-a_jb_k)^2 (1) (Mitrinović 1970, p. 41; Marsden ...