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A set of vectors in Euclidean n-space is said to satisfy the Haar condition if every set of n vectors is linearly independent (Cheney 1999). Expressed otherwise, each ...

A fair coin is tossed an even 2n number of times. Let D=|H-T| be the absolute difference in the number of heads and tails obtained. Then the probability distribution is given ...

To solve the heat conduction equation on a two-dimensional disk of radius a=1, try to separate the equation using U(r,theta,t)=R(r)Theta(theta)T(t). (1) Writing the theta and ...

The Heine-Borel theorem states that a subspace of R^n (with the usual topology) is compact iff it is closed and bounded. The Heine-Borel theorem can be proved using the ...

The scale factors are h_u=h_v=sqrt(u^2+v^2), h_theta=uv and the separation functions are f_1(u)=u, f_2(v)=v, f_3(theta)=1, given a Stäckel determinant of S=u^2+v^2. The ...

In two-dimensional polar coordinates, the Helmholtz differential equation is 1/rpartial/(partialr)(r(partialF)/(partialr))+1/(r^2)(partial^2F)/(partialtheta^2)+k^2F=0. (1) ...

On the surface of a sphere, attempt separation of variables in spherical coordinates by writing F(theta,phi)=Theta(theta)Phi(phi), (1) then the Helmholtz differential ...

A homogeneous linear ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients is an ordinary differential equation in which coefficients are constants (i.e., not functions), ...

As Lagrange showed, any irrational number alpha has an infinity of rational approximations p/q which satisfy |alpha-p/q|<1/(sqrt(5)q^2). (1) Furthermore, if there are no ...

The imaginary part I[z] of a complex number z=x+iy is the real number multiplying i, so I[x+iy]=y. In terms of z itself, I[z]=(z-z^_)/(2i), where z^_ is the complex conjugate ...