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An optical illusion named after British psychologist James Fraser, who first studied the illusion in 1908 (Fraser 1908). The illusion is also known as the false spiral, or by ...

Points, also called polar reciprocals, which are transformed into each other through inversion about a given inversion circle C (or inversion sphere). The points P and P^' ...

A Lie group is a smooth manifold obeying the group properties and that satisfies the additional condition that the group operations are differentiable. This definition is ...

A type of integral containing gamma functions in its integrand. A typical such integral is given by ...

A natural equation is an equation which specifies a curve independent of any choice of coordinates or parameterization. The study of natural equations began with the ...

Perspective is the art and mathematics of realistically depicting three-dimensional objects in a two-dimensional plane, sometimes called centric or natural perspective to ...

The low-level language of topology, which is not really considered a separate "branch" of topology. Point-set topology, also called set-theoretic topology or general ...

The operation of exchanging all points of a mathematical object with their mirror images (i.e., reflections in a mirror). Objects that do not change handedness under ...

A right strophoid is the strophoid of a line L with pole O not on L and fixed point O^' being the point where the perpendicular from O to L cuts L is called a right ...

A ruled surface is a surface that can be swept out by moving a line in space. It therefore has a parameterization of the form x(u,v)=b(u)+vdelta(u), (1) where b is called the ...