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An algebraic integer of the form a+bsqrt(D) where D is squarefree forms a quadratic field and is denoted Q(sqrt(D)). If D>0, the field is called a real quadratic field, and ...

The resolution principle, due to Robinson (1965), is a method of theorem proving that proceeds by constructing refutation proofs, i.e., proofs by contradiction. This method ...

The sporadic groups are the 26 finite simple groups that do not fit into any of the four infinite families of finite simple groups (i.e., the cyclic groups of prime order, ...

The conjugate gradient method can be viewed as a special variant of the Lanczos method for positive definite symmetric systems. The minimal residual method and symmetric LQ ...

Thâbit ibn Kurrah's rules is a beautiful result of Thâbit ibn Kurrah dating back to the tenth century (Woepcke 1852; Escott 1946; Dickson 2005, pp. 5 and 39; Borho 1972). ...

The twin primes constant Pi_2 (sometimes also denoted C_2) is defined by Pi_2 = product_(p>2; p prime)[1-1/((p-1)^2)] (1) = product_(p>2; p prime)(p(p-2))/((p-1)^2) (2) = ...

A camel graph is a graph formed by all possible moves of a hypothetical chess piece called a "camel" which moves analogously to a knight except that it is restricted to moves ...

The complete bipartite graph K_(1,3) is a tree known as the "claw." It is isomorphic to the star graph S_4, and is sometimes known as the Y graph (Horton and Bouwer 1991; ...

The theory of classifying problems based on how difficult they are to solve. A problem is assigned to the P-problem (polynomial-time) class if the number of steps needed to ...

A cyclic group is a group that can be generated by a single element X (the group generator). Cyclic groups are Abelian. A cyclic group of finite group order n is denoted C_n, ...