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The rth sample central moment m_r of a sample with sample size n is defined as m_r=1/nsum_(k=1)^n(x_k-m)^r, (1) where m=m_1^' is the sample mean. The first few sample central ...

A scatter diagram, also called a scatterplot or a scatter plot, is a visualization of the relationship between two variables measured on the same set of individuals. Scatter ...

A point process N is called self-correcting if cov(N(s,t),N(t,u))<0 for s<t<u where here, cov denotes the covariance of the two quantities. Intuitively, a process is ...

A mathematical object defined for a set and a binary operator in which the multiplication operation is associative. No other restrictions are placed on a semigroup; thus a ...

A sinusoidal spiral is a curve of the form r^n=a^ncos(ntheta), (1) with n rational, which is not a true spiral. Sinusoidal spirals were first studied by Maclaurin. Special ...

A square matrix A is a special orthogonal matrix if AA^(T)=I, (1) where I is the identity matrix, and the determinant satisfies detA=1. (2) The first condition means that A ...

A square matrix U is a special unitary matrix if UU^*=I, (1) where I is the identity matrix and U^* is the conjugate transpose matrix, and the determinant is detU=1. (2) The ...

A Størmer number is a positive integer n for which the greatest prime factor p of n^2+1 is at least 2n. Every Gregory number t_x can be expressed uniquely as a sum of t_ns ...

A subset of an algebraic variety which is itself a variety. Every variety is a subvariety of itself; other subvarieties are called proper subvarieties. A sphere of the ...

Given 2n-1 numbers a_k, where k=-n+1, ..., -1, 0, 1, ..., n-1, a Toeplitz matrix is a matrix which has constant values along negative-sloping diagonals, i.e., a matrix of the ...