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Every position of every impartial game has a nim-value, making it equivalent to a nim-heap. To find the nim-value (also called the Sprague-Grundy number), take the mex of the ...

The turning of an object or coordinate system by an angle about a fixed point. A rotation is an orientation-preserving orthogonal transformation. Euler's rotation theorem ...

In the above illustration, black dots appear to form and vanish at the intersections of the gray horizontal and vertical lines. When focusing attention on a single white dot, ...

A map projection obtained by projecting points P on the surface of sphere from the sphere's north pole N to point P^' in a plane tangent to the south pole S (Coxeter 1969, p. ...

Stochastic is synonymous with "random." The word is of Greek origin and means "pertaining to chance" (Parzen 1962, p. 7). It is used to indicate that a particular subject is ...

The thin plate spline is the two-dimensional analog of the cubic spline in one dimension. It is the fundamental solution to the biharmonic equation, and has the form ...

Take any triangle with polygon vertices A, B, and C. Pick a point A_1 on the side opposite A, and draw a line parallel to BC. Upon reaching the side AC at B_1, draw the line ...

To find the motion of a rectangular membrane with sides of length L_x and L_y (in the absence of gravity), use the two-dimensional wave equation ...

In general, there are two important types of curvature: extrinsic curvature and intrinsic curvature. The extrinsic curvature of curves in two- and three-space was the first ...

The classic treatise in geometry written by Euclid and used as a textbook for more than 1000 years in western Europe. An Arabic version The Elements appears at the end of the ...