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The square torus is the quotient of the plane by the integer lattice.

The (lower) domination number gamma(G) of a graph G is the minimum size of a dominating set of vertices in G, i.e., the size of a minimum dominating set. This is equivalent ...

The objective of global optimization is to find the globally best solution of (possibly nonlinear) models, in the (possible or known) presence of multiple local optima. ...

If an n-sided Poncelet transverse constructed for two given conic sections is closed for one point of origin, it is closed for any position of the point of origin. ...

First published in Riemann's groundbreaking 1859 paper (Riemann 1859), the Riemann hypothesis is a deep mathematical conjecture which states that the nontrivial Riemann zeta ...

The abundancy of a number n is defined as the ratio sigma(n)/n, where sigma(n) is the divisor function. For n=1, 2, ..., the first few values are 1, 3/2, 4/3, 7/4, 6/5, 2, ...

Every "large" even number may be written as 2n=p+m where p is a prime and m in P union P_2 is the set of primes P and semiprimes P_2.

An odd prime p is called a cluster prime if every even positive integer less than p-2 can be written as a difference of two primes q-q^', where q,q^'<=p. The first 23 odd ...

A theorem due to Conway et al. (1997) which states that, if a positive definite quadratic form with integer matrix entries represents all natural numbers up to 15, then it ...

An integer d is a fundamental discriminant if it is not equal to 1, not divisible by any square of any odd prime, and satisfies d=1 (mod 4) or d=8,12 (mod 16). The function ...