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Given a topological vector space X and a neighborhood V of 0 in X, the polar K=K(V) of V is defined to be the set K(V)={Lambda in X^*:|Lambdax|<=1 for every x in V} and where ...

The number one (1), also called "unity," is the first positive integer. It is an odd number. Although the number 1 used to be considered a prime number, it requires special ...

An equation for a lattice sum b_3(1) (Borwein and Bailey 2003, p. 26) b_3(1) = sum^'_(i,j,k=-infty)^infty((-1)^(i+j+k))/(sqrt(i^2+j^2+k^2)) (1) = ...

The composite number problem asks if for a given positive integer N there exist positive integers m and n such that N=mn. The complexity of the composite number problem was ...

A number which can be represented by a finite number of additions, subtractions, multiplications, divisions, and finite square root extractions of integers. Such numbers ...

Let E be an elliptic curve defined over the field of rationals Q(sqrt(-d)) having equation y^2=x^3+ax+b with a and b integers. Let P be a point on E with integer coordinates ...

A graceful permutation sigma on n letters is a permutation such that {|sigma(i)-sigma(i+1)|:i=1,2,...,n-1}={1,2,...,n-1}. For example, there are four graceful permutations on ...

Hackenbush is a game in combinatorial game theory in which player Left can delete any bLue edge, player Right can delete any Red edge, and either player can delete Green ...

The Haferman carpet is the beautiful fractal constructed using string rewriting beginning with a cell [1] and iterating the rules {0->[1 1 1; 1 1 1; 1 1 1],1->[0 1 0; 1 0 1; ...

A number which is simultaneously a nonagonal number N_m and octagonal number O_n and therefore satisfies the Diophantine equation 1/2m(7m-5)=n(3n-2). (1) Completing the ...