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In a plane, consider a sum of N two-dimensional vectors with random orientations. Use phasor notation, and let the phase of each vector be random. Assume N unit steps are ...

A quotient of two polynomials P(z) and Q(z), R(z)=(P(z))/(Q(z)), is called a rational function, or sometimes a rational polynomial function. More generally, if P and Q are ...

Pick two real numbers x and y at random in (0,1) with a uniform distribution. What is the probability P_(even) that [x/y], where [r] denotes the nearest integer function, is ...

Closed forms are known for the sums of reciprocals of even-indexed Lucas numbers P_L^((e)) = sum_(n=1)^(infty)1/(L_(2n)) (1) = sum_(n=1)^(infty)1/(phi^(2n)+phi^(-2n)) (2) = ...

A Redheffer matrix is a square (0,1)-matrix with elements a_(ij) equal to 1 if j=1 or i|j (i divides j), and 0 otherwise. For n=1, 2, ..., the first few Redheffer matrices ...

A regular pyramid is a right pyramid whose base is a regular polygon. For a right pyramid of height h with a regular n-gonal base of side length a and circumradius R, the ...

The regularized gamma functions are defined by P(a,z) = (gamma(a,z))/(Gamma(a)) (1) Q(a,z) = (Gamma(a,z))/(Gamma(a)), (2) where gamma(a,z) and Gamma(a,z) are incomplete gamma ...

In the 1930s, Reidemeister first rigorously proved that knots exist which are distinct from the unknot. He did this by showing that all knot deformations can be reduced to a ...

Let a discrete distribution have probability function p_k, and let a second discrete distribution have probability function q_k. Then the relative entropy of p with respect ...

A surface of constant Gaussian curvature that can be given parametrically by x = a(Ucosu-U^'sinu) (1) y = -a(Usinu+U^'cosu) (2) z = v-aV^', (3) where U = ...