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One of the Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms, also known as the axiom of regularity (Rubin 1967, Suppes 1972). In the formal language of set theory, it states that x!=emptyset=> exists ...

A puzzle involving disentangling a set of rings from a looped double rod, originally used by French peasants to lock chests (Steinhaus 1999). The word "baguenaudier" means ...

Baillie and Wagstaff (1980) and Pomerance et al. (1980, Pomerance 1984) proposed a test (or rather a related set of tests) based on a combination of strong pseudoprimes and ...

The Banach-Saks theorem is a result in functional analysis which proves the existence of a "nicely-convergent" subsequence for any sequence {f_n}={f_n}_(n in Z^*) of ...

The Berlekamp-van Lint-Seidel graph is the Hamiltonian strongly regular graph on 243 vertices with parameters (243,22,1,2). It is also distance-regular with intersection ...

Bertelsen's number is an erroneous name erroneously given to the erroneous value of pi(10^9)=50847478, where pi(x) is the prime counting function. This value is 56 lower than ...

A Bessel function Z_n(x) is a function defined by the recurrence relations Z_(n+1)+Z_(n-1)=(2n)/xZ_n (1) and Z_(n+1)-Z_(n-1)=-2(dZ_n)/(dx). (2) The Bessel functions are more ...

When the index nu is real, the functions J_nu(z), J_nu^'(z), Y_nu(z), and Y_nu^'(z) each have an infinite number of real zeros, all of which are simple with the possible ...

Betti numbers are topological objects which were proved to be invariants by Poincaré, and used by him to extend the polyhedral formula to higher dimensional spaces. ...

The biconjugate gradient stabilized (BCGSTAB) method was developed to solve nonsymmetric linear systems while avoiding the often irregular convergence patterns of the ...