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A matrix is ill-conditioned if the condition number is too large (and singular if it is infinite).

An inflection point is a point on a curve at which the sign of the curvature (i.e., the concavity) changes. Inflection points may be stationary points, but are not local ...

If the random variates X_1, X_2, ... satisfy the Lindeberg condition, then for all a<b, lim_(n->infty)P(a<(S_n)/(s_n)<b)=Phi(b)-Phi(a), where Phi is the normal distribution ...

A nonnegative function g(x,y) describing the "distance" between neighboring points for a given set. A metric satisfies the triangle inequality g(x,y)+g(y,z)>=g(x,z) (1) and ...

In elementary geometry, orthogonal is the same as perpendicular. Two lines or curves are orthogonal if they are perpendicular at their point of intersection. Two vectors v ...

An orthogonal transformation is a linear transformation T:V->V which preserves a symmetric inner product. In particular, an orthogonal transformation (technically, an ...

Any ideal of a ring which is strictly smaller than the whole ring. For example, 2Z is a proper ideal of the ring of integers Z, since 1 not in 2Z. The ideal <X> of the ...

A square matrix U is a special unitary matrix if UU^*=I, (1) where I is the identity matrix and U^* is the conjugate transpose matrix, and the determinant is detU=1. (2) The ...

A determinant used to determine in which coordinate systems the Helmholtz differential equation is separable (Morse and Feshbach 1953). A determinant S=|Phi_(mn)|=|Phi_(11) ...

A strong Riemannian metric on a smooth manifold M is a (0,2) tensor field g which is both a strong pseudo-Riemannian metric and positive definite. In a very precise way, the ...