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A convex function is a continuous function whose value at the midpoint of every interval in its domain does not exceed the arithmetic mean of its values at the ends of the ...

The equation x^p=1, where solutions zeta_k=e^(2piik/p) are the roots of unity sometimes called de Moivre numbers. Gauss showed that the cyclotomic equation can be reduced to ...

A subspace A of X is called a deformation retract of X if there is a homotopy F:X×I->X (called a retract) such that for all x in X and a in A, 1. F(x,0)=x, 2. F(x,1) in A, ...

The operator partial^_ is defined on a complex manifold, and is called the 'del bar operator.' The exterior derivative d takes a function and yields a one-form. It decomposes ...

A module over a unit ring R is called divisible if, for all r in R which are not zero divisors, every element m of M can be "divided" by r, in the sense that there is an ...

Division by zero is the operation of taking the quotient of any number x and 0, i.e., x/0. The uniqueness of division breaks down when dividing by zero, since the product ...

The elastica formed by bent rods and considered in physics can be generalized to curves in a Riemannian manifold which are a critical point for ...

An epsilon-delta definition is a mathematical definition in which a statement on a real function of one variable f having, for example, the form "for all neighborhoods U of ...

The numbers 2^npq and 2^nr are an amicable pair if the three integers p = 2^m(2^(n-m)+1)-1 (1) q = 2^n(2^(n-m)+1)-1 (2) r = 2^(n+m)(2^(n-m)+1)^2-1 (3) are all prime numbers ...

A module M over a unit ring R is called faithful if for all distinct elements a, b of R, there exists x in M such that ax!=bx. In other words, the multiplications by a and by ...