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A differential evolution method used to minimize functions of real variables. Evolution strategies are significantly faster at numerical optimization than traditional genetic ...

The Gegenbauer polynomials C_n^((lambda))(x) are solutions to the Gegenbauer differential equation for integer n. They are generalizations of the associated Legendre ...

A geodesic is a locally length-minimizing curve. Equivalently, it is a path that a particle which is not accelerating would follow. In the plane, the geodesics are straight ...

A great circle is a section of a sphere that contains a diameter of the sphere (Kern and Bland 1948, p. 87). Sections of the sphere that do not contain a diameter are called ...

Let lim stand for the limit lim_(x->c), lim_(x->c^-), lim_(x->c^+), lim_(x->infty), or lim_(x->-infty), and suppose that lim f(x) and lim g(x) are both zero or are both ...

A vector derivative is a derivative taken with respect to a vector field. Vector derivatives are extremely important in physics, where they arise throughout fluid mechanics, ...

The Abel prize is a new mathematics prize of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, dedicated to the memory of Niels Henrik Abel (1802-1829) on the occasion of the ...

A group or other algebraic object is said to be Abelian (sometimes written in lower case, i.e., "abelian") if the law of commutativity always holds. The term is named after ...

An alternating multilinear form on a real vector space V is a multilinear form F:V tensor ... tensor V->R (1) such that ...

An archaic name for the torus.