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A closed interval is an interval that includes all of its limit points. If the endpoints of the interval are finite numbers a and b, then the interval {x:a<=x<=b} is denoted ...

An idealized coin consists of a circular disk of zero thickness which, when thrown in the air and allowed to fall, will rest with either side face up ("heads" H or "tails" T) ...

Two square matrices A and B are called congruent if there exists a nonsingular matrix P such that B=P^(T)AP, where P^(T) is the transpose.

A set S in a vector space over R is called a convex set if the line segment joining any pair of points of S lies entirely in S.

An order-n Costas array is a permutation on {1,...,n} such that the distances in each row of the triangular difference table are distinct. For example, the permutation ...

A countable set is a set that is either finite or denumerable. However, some authors (e.g., Ciesielski 1997, p. 64) use the definition "equipollent to the finite ordinals," ...

The 6-polyiamond illustrated above.

The 6-polyiamond illustrated above.

A theory is decidable iff there is an algorithm which can determine whether or not any sentence r is a member of the theory.

Qualitatively, a deep theorem is a theorem whose proof is long, complicated, difficult, or appears to involve branches of mathematics which are not obviously related to the ...