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A covering map (also called a covering or projection) is a surjective open map f:X->Y that is locally a homeomorphism, meaning that each point in X has a neighborhood that is ...

Given a weighted, undirected graph G=(V,E) and a graphical partition of V into two sets A and B, the cut of G with respect to A and B is defined as cut(A,B)=sum_(i in A,j in ...

The equation x^p=1, where solutions zeta_k=e^(2piik/p) are the roots of unity sometimes called de Moivre numbers. Gauss showed that the cyclotomic equation can be reduced to ...

The discrete Fourier transform of length N (where N is even) can be rewritten as the sum of two discrete Fourier transforms, each of length N/2. One is formed from the ...

The operation of drilling a tubular neighborhood of a knot K in S^3 and then gluing in a solid torus so that its meridian curve goes to a (p,q)-curve on the torus boundary of ...

Two figures are said to be similar when all corresponding angles are equal, and are directly similar when all corresponding angles are equal and described in the same ...

The angle obtained by drawing the auxiliary circle of an ellipse with center O and focus F, and drawing a line perpendicular to the semimajor axis and intersecting it at A. ...

The evolute of an ellipse specified parametrically by x = acost (1) y = bsint (2) is given by the parametric equations x_e = (a^2-b^2)/acos^3t (3) y_e = (b^2-a^2)/bsin^3t. ...

The elongated pentagonal orthobirotunda is a convex equilateral orthobirotunda having regular pentagonal upper and lower rotundas arranged symmetrically with respect to each ...

Given a sequence of independent random variates X_1, X_2, ..., if sigma_k^2=var(X_k) and rho_n^2=max_(k<=n)((sigma_k^2)/(s_n^2)), then lim_(n->infty)rho_n^2=0. This means ...