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Let n be a positive number having primitive roots. If g is a primitive root of n, then the numbers 1, g, g^2, ..., g^(phi(n)-1) form a reduced residue system modulo n, where ...

The Riemann zeta function is an extremely important special function of mathematics and physics that arises in definite integration and is intimately related with very deep ...

Stirling's approximation gives an approximate value for the factorial function n! or the gamma function Gamma(n) for n>>1. The approximation can most simply be derived for n ...

The apeirogon is an extension of the definition of regular polygon to a figure with an infinite number of sides. Its Schläfli symbol is {infty}. The apeirogon can produce a ...

A hyperbola for which the asymptotes are perpendicular, also called an equilateral hyperbola or right hyperbola. This occurs when the semimajor and semiminor axes are equal. ...

The 4-polyhex illustrated above (Gardner 1978, p. 147).

Taking the origin as the inversion center, Archimedes' spiral r=atheta inverts to the hyperbolic spiral r=a/theta.

An asymptotic direction at a point p of a regular surface M in R^3 is a direction in which the normal curvature of M vanishes. 1. There are no asymptotic directions at an ...

A point p on a regular surface M in R^3 is said to be elliptic if the Gaussian curvature K(p)>0 or equivalently, the principal curvatures kappa_1 and kappa_2 have the same ...

A catastrophe which can occur for three control factors and two behavior axes. The elliptical umbilic is catastrophe of codimension 3 that has the equation ...