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An independent vertex set of a graph G is a subset of the vertices such that no two vertices in the subset represent an edge of G. The figure above shows independent sets ...

The term "integral" can refer to a number of different concepts in mathematics. The most common meaning is the the fundamenetal object of calculus corresponding to summing ...

Given a group of n men arranged in a circle under the edict that every mth man will be executed going around the circle until only one remains, find the position L(n,m) in ...

A mathematical procedure for finding the best-fitting curve to a given set of points by minimizing the sum of the squares of the offsets ("the residuals") of the points from ...

A modulo multiplication group is a finite group M_m of residue classes prime to m under multiplication mod m. M_m is Abelian of group order phi(m), where phi(m) is the ...

The nine-point circle, also called Euler's circle or the Feuerbach circle, is the circle that passes through the perpendicular feet H_A, H_B, and H_C dropped from the ...

A normal distribution in a variate X with mean mu and variance sigma^2 is a statistic distribution with probability density function ...

Convergents of the pi continued fractions are the simplest approximants to pi. The first few are given by 3, 22/7, 333/106, 355/113, 103993/33102, 104348/33215, ... (OEIS ...

A graph is planar if it can be drawn in a plane without graph edges crossing (i.e., it has graph crossing number 0). The number of planar graphs with n=1, 2, ... nodes are 1, ...

The power tower of order k is defined as a^^k=a^(a^(·^(·^(·^a))))_()_(k), (1) where ^ is Knuth up-arrow notation (Knuth 1976), which in turn is defined by ...