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The Ouchi illusion, illustrated above, is an illusion named after its inventor, Japanese artist Hajime Ouchi. In this illusion, the central disk seems to float above the ...

The biconjugate gradient stabilized (BCGSTAB) method was developed to solve nonsymmetric linear systems while avoiding the often irregular convergence patterns of the ...

Elliptic curve primality proving, abbreviated ECPP, is class of algorithms that provide certificates of primality using sophisticated results from the theory of elliptic ...

A univariate distribution proportional to the F-distribution. If the vector d is Gaussian multivariate-distributed with zero mean and unit covariance matrix N_p(0,I) and M is ...

A theory of constructing initial conditions that provides safe convergence of a numerical root-finding algorithm for an equation f(z)=0. Point estimation theory treats ...

Given a Lucas sequence with parameters P and Q, discriminant D!=0, and roots a and b, the Sylvester cyclotomic numbers are Q_n=product_(r)(a-zeta^rb), (1) where ...

Let G be a group, and let S subset= G be a set of group elements such that the identity element I not in S. The Cayley graph associated with (G,S) is then defined as the ...

A connection on a vector bundle pi:E->M is a way to "differentiate" bundle sections, in a way that is analogous to the exterior derivative df of a function f. In particular, ...

The number of representations of n by k squares, allowing zeros and distinguishing signs and order, is denoted r_k(n). The special case k=2 corresponding to two squares is ...

A sequence s_n^((lambda))(x)=[h(t)]^lambdas_n(x), where s_n(x) is a Sheffer sequence, h(t) is invertible, and lambda ranges over the real numbers is called a Steffensen ...