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The representation of a number as a sum of powers of a base b, followed by expression of each of the exponents as a sum of powers of b, etc., until the process stops. For ...

A tree of links obtained by repeatedly choosing a crossing, applying the skein relationship to obtain two simpler links, and repeating the process. The tree depth of a ...

Stellation is the process of constructing polyhedra by extending the facial planes past the polyhedron edges of a given polyhedron until they intersect (Wenninger 1989). The ...

Stochastic optimization refers to the minimization (or maximization) of a function in the presence of randomness in the optimization process. The randomness may be present as ...

A surface possessing a saddle point.

Let a Gram point g_n be called "good" if (-1)^nZ(g_n)>0, and "bad" otherwise (Rosser et al. 1969; Edwards 2001, p. 180). Then the interval between two consecutive good Gram ...

Given a Poisson process, the probability of obtaining exactly n successes in N trials is given by the limit of a binomial distribution P_p(n|N)=(N!)/(n!(N-n)!)p^n(1-p)^(N-n). ...

The incenter I is the center of the incircle for a polygon or insphere for a polyhedron (when they exist). The corresponding radius of the incircle or insphere is known as ...

There are certain optimization problems that become unmanageable using combinatorial methods as the number of objects becomes large. A typical example is the traveling ...

Cauchy's integral formula states that f(z_0)=1/(2pii)∮_gamma(f(z)dz)/(z-z_0), (1) where the integral is a contour integral along the contour gamma enclosing the point z_0. It ...