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For a curve with first fundamental form ds^2=Edu^2+2Fdudv+Gdv^2, (1) the Gaussian curvature is K=(M_1-M_2)/((EG-F^2)^2), (2) where M_1 = |-1/2E_(vv)+F_(uv)-1/2G_(uu) 1/2E_u ...

A derivative of a complex function, which must satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations in order to be complex differentiable.

Given a differential operator D on the space of differential forms, an eigenform is a form alpha such that Dalpha=lambdaalpha (1) for some constant lambda. For example, on ...

If L^~ is a linear operator on a function space, then f is an eigenfunction for L^~ and lambda is the associated eigenvalue whenever L^~f=lambdaf. Renteln and Dundes (2005) ...

If A is an n×n square matrix and lambda is an eigenvalue of A, then the union of the zero vector 0 and the set of all eigenvectors corresponding to eigenvalues lambda is ...

There are two similar but distinct concepts related to equidecomposability: "equidecomposable" and "equidecomposable by dissection." The difference is in that the pieces ...

A number D that possesses no common divisor with a prime number p is either a quadratic residue or nonresidue of p, depending whether D^((p-1)/2) is congruent mod p to +/-1.

Let r be the correlation coefficient. Then defining z^'=tanh^(-1)r (1) zeta=tanh^(-1)rho, (2) gives sigma_(z^') = (N-3)^(-1/2) (3) var(z^') = 1/n+(4-rho^2)/(2n^2)+... (4) ...

A decomposition of a module into a direct sum of submodules. The index set for the collection of submodules is then called the grading set. Graded modules arise naturally in ...

Let A be a matrix with the elementary divisors of its characteristic matrix expressed as powers of its irreducible polynomials in the field F[lambda], and consider an ...