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Let A and B_j be sets. Conditional probability requires that P(A intersection B_j)=P(A)P(B_j|A), (1) where intersection denotes intersection ("and"), and also that P(A ...

The algebraic identity (sum_(i=1)^na_ic_i)(sum_(i=1)^nb_id_i)-(sum_(i=1)^na_id_i)(sum_(i=1)^nb_ic_i) =sum_(1<=i<j<=n)(a_ib_j-a_jb_i)(c_id_j-c_jd_i). (1) Letting c_i=a_i and ...

Let {a_n} be a series of positive terms with a_(n+1)<=a_n. Then sum_(n=1)^(infty)a_n converges iff sum_(k=0)^infty2^ka_(2^k) converges.

Cauchy conditions are initial conditions (time conditions) rather than boundary conditions (space conditions). An initial-value problem is often termed a Cauchy problem. ...

Apply Markov's inequality with a=k^2 to obtain P[(x-mu)^2>=k^2]<=(<(x-mu)^2>)/(k^2)=(sigma^2)/(k^2). (1) Therefore, if a random variable x has a finite mean mu and finite ...

A Gaussian quadrature-like formula for numerical estimation of integrals. It uses weighting function W(x)=1 in the interval [-1,1] and forces all the weights to be equal. The ...

The number of ways of picking k unordered outcomes from n possibilities. Also known as the binomial coefficient or choice number and read "n choose k," _nC_k=(n; ...

A set in Euclidean space R^d is convex set if it contains all the line segments connecting any pair of its points. If the set does not contain all the line segments, it is ...

A convex function is a continuous function whose value at the midpoint of every interval in its domain does not exceed the arithmetic mean of its values at the ends of the ...

Let f(t) and g(t) be arbitrary functions of time t with Fourier transforms. Take f(t) = F_nu^(-1)[F(nu)](t)=int_(-infty)^inftyF(nu)e^(2piinut)dnu (1) g(t) = ...