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A regular ring in the sense of commutative algebra is a commutative unit ring such that all its localizations at prime ideals are regular local rings. In contrast, a von ...

On a Lie group, exp is a map from the Lie algebra to its Lie group. If you think of the Lie algebra as the tangent space to the identity of the Lie group, exp(v) is defined ...

The Gelfand transform x|->x^^ is defined as follows. If phi:B->C is linear and multiplicative in the senses phi(ax+by)=aphi(x)+bphi(y) and phi(xy)=phi(x)phi(y), where B is a ...

Informally, the sample space for a given set of events is the set of all possible values the events may assume. Formally, the set of possible events for a given random ...

Let H be a Hilbert space and (e_i)_(i in I) is an orthonormal basis for H. The set S(H) of all operators T for which sum_(i in I)||Te_i||^2<infty is a self-adjoint ideal of ...

The quaternions are members of a noncommutative division algebra first invented by William Rowan Hamilton. The idea for quaternions occurred to him while he was walking along ...

A formula for the number of Young tableaux associated with a given Ferrers diagram. In each box, write the sum of one plus the number of boxes horizontally to the right and ...

Given a real m×n matrix A, there are four associated vector subspaces which are known colloquially as its fundamental subspaces, namely the column spaces and the null spaces ...

The identity element of an additive monoid or group or of any other algebraic structure (e.g., ring, module, abstract vector space, algebra) equipped with an addition. It is ...

Given a differential p-form q in the exterior algebra ^ ^pV^*, its envelope is the smallest subspace W such that q is in the subspace ^ ^pW^* subset ^ ^pV^*. Alternatively, W ...