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Rule 30 is one of the elementary cellular automaton rules introduced by Stephen Wolfram in 1983 (Wolfram 1983, 2002). It specifies the next color in a cell, depending on its ...

A surface of revolution is a surface generated by rotating a two-dimensional curve about an axis. The resulting surface therefore always has azimuthal symmetry. Examples of ...

An affine transformation is any transformation that preserves collinearity (i.e., all points lying on a line initially still lie on a line after transformation) and ratios of ...

An Archimedean spiral is a spiral with polar equation r=atheta^(1/n), (1) where r is the radial distance, theta is the polar angle, and n is a constant which determines how ...

Archimedes' spiral is an Archimedean spiral with polar equation r=atheta. (1) This spiral was studied by Conon, and later by Archimedes in On Spirals about 225 BC. Archimedes ...

The area of a surface or lamina is the amount of material needed to "cover" it completely. The area of a surface or collection of surfaces bounding a solid is called, not ...

A two-dimensional binary (k=2) totalistic cellular automaton with a von Neumann neighborhood of range r=1. It has a birth rule that at least 2 of its 4 neighbors are alive, ...

Differential geometry is the study of Riemannian manifolds. Differential geometry deals with metrical notions on manifolds, while differential topology deals with nonmetrical ...

Let a closed surface have genus g. Then the polyhedral formula generalizes to the Poincaré formula chi(g)=V-E+F, (1) where chi(g)=2-2g (2) is the Euler characteristic, ...

Fermat's spiral, also known as the parabolic spiral, is an Archimedean spiral with m=2 having polar equation r^2=a^2theta. (1) This curve was discussed by Fermat in 1636 ...