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Gelfond's theorem, also called the Gelfond-Schneider theorem, states that a^b is transcendental if 1. a is algebraic !=0,1 and 2. b is algebraic and irrational. This provides ...

Exponential decay is the decrease in a quantity N according to the law N(t)=N_0e^(-lambdat) (1) for a parameter t and constant lambda (known as the decay constant), where e^x ...

A logarithmic singularity is a singularity of an analytic function whose main z-dependent term is of order O(lnz). An example is the singularity of the Bessel function of the ...

A system of curvilinear coordinates variously denoted (xi,eta,phi) (Arfken 1970) or (theta,eta,psi) (Moon and Spencer 1988). Using the notation of Arfken, the bispherical ...

Given a set of linear equations {a_1x+b_1y+c_1z=d_1; a_2x+b_2y+c_2z=d_2; a_3x+b_3y+c_3z=d_3, (1) consider the determinant D=|a_1 b_1 c_1; a_2 b_2 c_2; a_3 b_3 c_3|. (2) Now ...

A coordinate system defined by the transformation equations x = a/Lambdacnmucnnucospsi (1) y = a/Lambdacnmucnnusinpsi (2) z = a/Lambdasnmudnmusnnudnnu, (3) where ...

Define I_n=(-1)^nint_0^infty(lnz)^ne^(-z)dz, (1) then I_n=(-1)^nGamma^((n))(1), (2) where Gamma^((n))(z) is the nth derivative of the gamma function. Particular values ...

The Hadamard product is a representation for the Riemann zeta function zeta(s) as a product over its nontrivial zeros rho, ...

The case of the Weierstrass elliptic function with invariants g_2=-1 and g_3=0. The half-periods for this case are L(1+i)/4 and L(-1+i)/4, where L is the lemniscate constant ...

The generalized law of sines applies to a simplex in space of any dimension with constant Gaussian curvature. Let us work up to that. Initially in two-dimensional space, we ...