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Landau's problems are the four "unattackable" problems mentioned by Landau in the 1912 Fifth Congress of Mathematicians in Cambridge, namely: 1. The Goldbach conjecture, 2. ...

An unsolved problem in mathematics attributed to Lehmer (1933) that concerns the minimum Mahler measure M_1(P) for a univariate polynomial P(x) that is not a product of ...

A function that arises in performance analysis of partially coherent, differentially coherent, and noncoherent communications. The generalized Marcum Q-function is defined by ...

Dickson states "In a letter to Tanner [L'intermediaire des math., 2, 1895, 317] Lucas stated that Mersenne (1644, 1647) implied that a necessary and sufficient condition that ...

Hardy and Littlewood (1914) proved that the sequence {frac(x^n)}, where frac(x) is the fractional part, is equidistributed for almost all real numbers x>1 (i.e., the ...

An extended rooted binary tree satisfying the following conditions: 1. Every node has two children, each colored either red or black. 2. Every tree leaf node is colored ...

A semiperfect magic cube, sometimes also called an "Andrews cube" (Gardner 1976; Gardner 1988, p. 219) is a magic cube for which the cross section diagonals do not sum to the ...

Smale's problems are a list of 18 challenging problems for the twenty-first century proposed by Field medalist Steven Smale. These problems were inspired in part by Hilbert's ...

Sphere tetrahedron picking is the selection of quadruples of of points corresponding to vertices of a tetrahedron with vertices on the surface of a sphere. n random ...

A leaf of an unrooted tree is a node of vertex degree 1. Note that for a rooted or planted tree, the root vertex is generally not considered a leaf node, whereas all other ...