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The Ackermann function is the simplest example of a well-defined total function which is computable but not primitive recursive, providing a counterexample to the belief in ...

A branch of mathematics that is a sort of generalization of calculus. Calculus of variations seeks to find the path, curve, surface, etc., for which a given function has a ...

Let X_1,X_2,...,X_N be a set of N independent random variates and each X_i have an arbitrary probability distribution P(x_1,...,x_N) with mean mu_i and a finite variance ...

The curl of a vector field, denoted curl(F) or del xF (the notation used in this work), is defined as the vector field having magnitude equal to the maximum "circulation" at ...

A plot of the map winding number W resulting from mode locking as a function of Omega for the circle map theta_(n+1)=theta_n+Omega-K/(2pi)sin(2pitheta_n) (1) with K=1. (Since ...

The probability that a random integer between 1 and x will have its greatest prime factor <=x^alpha approaches a limiting value F(alpha) as x->infty, where F(alpha)=1 for ...

The Euler-Lagrange differential equation is the fundamental equation of calculus of variations. It states that if J is defined by an integral of the form J=intf(t,y,y^.)dt, ...

Faà di Bruno's formula gives an explicit equation for the nth derivative of the composition f(g(t)). If f(t) and g(t) are functions for which all necessary derivatives are ...

On a Riemannian manifold M, tangent vectors can be moved along a path by parallel transport, which preserves vector addition and scalar multiplication. So a closed loop at a ...

A lossless data compression algorithm which uses a small number of bits to encode common characters. Huffman coding approximates the probability for each character as a power ...