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An operator T which commutes with all shift operators E^a, so TE^a=E^aT for all real a in a field. Any two shift-invariant operators commute.

The integral int_0^thetae^(-xsecphi)dphi.

A simple pole of an analytic function f is a pole of order one. That is, (z-z_0)f(z) is an analytic function at the pole z=z_0. Alternatively, its principal part is c/(z-z_0) ...

A tensor defined in terms of the tensors which satisfy the double contraction relation.

Squaring is the geometric construction, using only compass and straightedge, of a square which has the same area as a given geometric figure. Squaring is also called ...

The squeeze theorem, also known as the squeezing theorem, pinching theorem, or sandwich theorem, may be stated as follows. Let there be two functions f_-(x) and f_+(x) such ...

A point x_0 at which the derivative of a function f(x) vanishes, f^'(x_0)=0. A stationary point may be a minimum, maximum, or inflection point.

Stochastic optimization refers to the minimization (or maximization) of a function in the presence of randomness in the optimization process. The randomness may be present as ...

Integrals of the form intf(costheta,sintheta)dtheta (1) can be solved by making the substitution z=e^(itheta) so that dz=ie^(itheta)dtheta and expressing costheta = ...

The integral of 1/r over the unit disk U is given by intint_(U)(dA)/r = intint_(U)(dxdy)/(sqrt(x^2+y^2)) (1) = int_0^(2pi)int_0^1(rdrdtheta)/r (2) = 2piint_0^1dr (3) = 2pi. ...