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The plane spanned by the three points x(t), x(t+h_1), and x(t+h_2) on a curve as h_1,h_2->0. Let z be a point on the osculating plane, then [(z-x),x^',x^('')]=0, where ...

There are two different definitions of the polar angle. In the plane, the polar angle theta is the counterclockwise angle from the x-axis at which a point in the xy-plane ...

Calculus of variations can be used to find the curve from a point (x_1,y_1) to a point (x_2,y_2) which, when revolved around the x-axis, yields a surface of smallest surface ...

For a nonzero real number r and a triangle DeltaABC, swing line segment BC about the vertex B towards vertex A through an angle rB. Call the line along the rotated segment L. ...

The Steiner circle is the central circle with center at the nine-point center X_5 and radius R_S=3/2R, where R is the circumradius of the reference triangle. It is the ...

A ruled surface is called a generalized cone if it can be parameterized by x(u,v)=p+vy(u), where p is a fixed point which can be regarded as the vertex of the cone. A ...

A subset M subset R^n is called a regular surface if for each point p in M, there exists a neighborhood V of p in R^n and a map x:U->R^n of an open set U subset R^2 onto V ...

Two mathematical objects are said to be homotopic if one can be continuously deformed into the other. For example, the real line is homotopic to a single point, as is any ...

The first example discovered of a map from a higher-dimensional sphere to a lower-dimensional sphere which is not null-homotopic. Its discovery was a shock to the ...

An algorithm for finding the nearest local minimum of a function which presupposes that the gradient of the function can be computed. The method of steepest descent, also ...