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Any nonzero rational number x can be represented by x=(p^ar)/s, (1) where p is a prime number, r and s are integers not divisible by p, and a is a unique integer. The p-adic ...

A Dirichlet L-series is a series of the form L_k(s,chi)=sum_(n=1)^inftychi_k(n)n^(-s), (1) where the number theoretic character chi_k(n) is an integer function with period k, ...

A quasigroup with an identity element e such that xe=x and ex=x for any x in the quasigroup. All groups are loops. In general, loops are considered to have very little in the ...

Informally, the term asymptotic means approaching a value or curve arbitrarily closely (i.e., as some sort of limit is taken). A line or curve A that is asymptotic to given ...

Bisection is the division of a given curve, figure, or interval into two equal parts (halves). A simple bisection procedure for iteratively converging on a solution which is ...

A multiway system that generates causal networks which are all isomorphic as acyclic digraphs is said to exhibit causal invariance, and the causal network itself is also said ...

A check which can be used to verify correct computations in a table of grouped classes. For example, consider the following table with specified class limits and frequencies ...

The number of ways to arrange n distinct objects along a fixed (i.e., cannot be picked up out of the plane and turned over) circle is P_n=(n-1)!. The number is (n-1)! instead ...

Combinatorics is the branch of mathematics studying the enumeration, combination, and permutation of sets of elements and the mathematical relations that characterize their ...

A compactification of a topological space X is a larger space Y containing X which is also compact. The smallest compactification is the one-point compactification. For ...