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A type of number involving the roots of unity which was developed by Kummer while trying to solve Fermat's last theorem. Although factorization over the integers is unique ...

RSA numbers are difficult to-factor composite numbers having exactly two prime factors (i.e., so-called semiprimes) that were listed in the Factoring Challenge of RSA ...

Degen's eight-square identity is the incredible polynomial identity (1) found around 1818 by the Danish mathematician Ferdinand Degen (1766-1825). It was subsequently ...

The amazing polynomial identity communicated by Euler in a letter to Goldbach on April 12, 1749 (incorrectly given as April 15, 1705--before Euler was born--in Conway and Guy ...

The golden angle is the angle that divides a full angle in a golden ratio (but measured in the opposite direction so that it measures less than 180 degrees), i.e., GA = ...

If p_1, ..., p_n are positive numbers which sum to 1 and f is a real continuous function that is convex, then f(sum_(i=1)^np_ix_i)<=sum_(i=1)^np_if(x_i). (1) If f is concave, ...

Call a graph vertex m(a,b,c) a median of a graph G if it lies on all shortest paths between each pair of vertices (a,b), (b,a), and (c,a) in G. A median graph is then defined ...

A primitive right triangle is a right triangle having integer sides a, b, and c such that GCD(a,b,c)=1, where GCD(a,b,c) is the greatest common divisor. The set of values ...

The silver ratio is the quantity defined by the continued fraction delta_S = [2,2,2,...] (1) = 2+1/(2+1/(2+1/(2+...))) (2) (Wall 1948, p. 24). It follows that ...

A nonnegative matrix is a real or integer matrix (a)_(ij) for which each matrix element is a nonnegative number, i.e., a_(ij)>=0 for all i, j. Nonnegative matrices are ...