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A number satisfying Fermat's little theorem (or some other primality test) for some nontrivial base. A probable prime which is shown to be composite is called a pseudoprime ...

Quantization is a nonlinear process which generates additional frequency components (Thompson et al. 1986). This means that the signal is no longer band-limited, so the ...

Given a straight segment of track of length l, add a small segment Deltal so that the track bows into a circular arc. Find the maximum displacement d of the bowed track. The ...

In the 1930s, Reidemeister first rigorously proved that knots exist which are distinct from the unknot. He did this by showing that all knot deformations can be reduced to a ...

The p×p square matrix formed by setting s_(ij)=xi^(ij), where xi is a pth root of unity. The Schur matrix has a particularly simple determinant given by ...

The Shaw Prizes are $1 million cash awards offered annually by Run Run Shaw (b. 1907), a longtime movie and television producer. There are prizes for astronomy, life science ...

The term "snark" was first popularized by Gardner (1976) as a class of minimal cubic graphs with edge chromatic number 4 and certain connectivity requirements. (By Vizing's ...

In the above figure, let DeltaABC be a right triangle, arcs AP and AQ be segments of circles centered at C and B respectively, and define a = BC (1) b = CA=CP (2) c = BA=BQ. ...

A vector field is a map f:R^n|->R^n that assigns each x a vector f(x). Several vector fields are illustrated above. A vector field is uniquely specified by giving its ...

The vertex cover number is the size of a minimum vertex cover in a graph G is known as the vertex cover number of G, denoted tau(G). The König-Egeváry theorem states that the ...