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Due to nonlinearities in weather processes, a butterfly flapping its wings in Tahiti can, in theory, produce a tornado in Kansas. This strong dependence of outcomes on very ...

A conjugate matrix is a matrix A^_ obtained from a given matrix A by taking the complex conjugate of each element of A (Courant and Hilbert 1989, p. 9), i.e., ...

A module over a unit ring R is called divisible if, for all r in R which are not zero divisors, every element m of M can be "divided" by r, in the sense that there is an ...

A structure consisting of an ordered set of sorted lists such that the head and tail entries of later lists nest within earlier ones. For example, an encroaching list set for ...

An O(nlgn) sorting algorithm which is not quite as fast as quicksort. It is a "sort-in-place" algorithm and requires no auxiliary storage, which makes it particularly concise ...

Admitting an inverse. An object that is invertible is referred to as an invertible element in a monoid or a unit ring, or to a map, which admits an inverse map iff it is ...

An ordering for the Cartesian product × of any two sets A and B with order relations <A and <B, respectively, such that if (a_1,b_1) and (a_2,b_2) both belong to A×B, then ...

The multinomial coefficients (n_1,n_2,...,n_k)!=((n_1+n_2+...+n_k)!)/(n_1!n_2!...n_k!) (1) are the terms in the multinomial series expansion. In other words, the number of ...

A problem which is both NP (verifiable in nondeterministic polynomial time) and NP-hard (any NP-problem can be translated into this problem). Examples of NP-hard problems ...

A permutation of n distinct, ordered items in which none of the items is in its original ordered position is known as a derangement. If some, but not necessarily all, of the ...