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A mathematical object invented to solve irreducible congruences of the form F(x)=0 (mod p), where p is prime.

A spherical harmonic of the form sin(mphi)P_m^m(costheta) or cos(mphi)P_m^m(costheta).

A long division in which most or all of the digits are replaced by a symbol (usually asterisks) to form a cryptarithmetic.

Consider the general system of two first-order ordinary differential equations x^. = f(x,y) (1) y^. = g(x,y). (2) Let x_0 and y_0 denote fixed points with x^.=y^.=0, so ...

Given a system of two ordinary differential equations x^. = f(x,y) (1) y^. = g(x,y), (2) let x_0 and y_0 denote fixed points with x^.=y^.=0, so f(x_0,y_0) = 0 (3) g(x_0,y_0) ...

A congruence of the form f(x)=0 (mod n) where f(x) is an integer polynomial (Nagell 1951, p. 73).

A knot used to join the ends of two ropes together to form a longer length.

The difference of two complex numbers z=x+iy and z^'=x^'+iy^' is given by z-z^'=(x-x^')+i(y-y^'). In component form, (x,y)-(x^',y^')=(x-x^',y-y^').

An equation of the form y=ax^3+bx^2+cx+d where only one root is real.

A plane curve of the form y=x^n. For n>0, the curve is a generalized parabola; for n<0 it is a generalized hyperbola.