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Combine the two above squares on the left into the single large square on the right.

If there is no integer 0<x<p such that x^2=q (mod p), i.e., if the congruence (35) has no solution, then q is said to be a quadratic nonresidue (mod p). If the congruence ...

In the American system, 10^(45).

In the American system, 10^(48).

A module taking its coefficients in a ring R is called a module over R or R-module.

A relation R on a set S is reflexive provided that xRx for every x in S.

An open connected set is called a region (sometimes also called a domain).

A shift in phase.

Let a number n be written in binary as n=(epsilon_kepsilon_(k-1)...epsilon_1epsilon_0)_2, (1) and define b_n=sum_(i=0)^(k-1)epsilon_iepsilon_(i+1) (2) as the number of digits ...

A position in a game is safe for a player A if the person who plays next (player B) will lose.