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A problem posed by L. Collatz in 1937, also called the 3x+1 mapping, 3n+1 problem, Hasse's algorithm, Kakutani's problem, Syracuse algorithm, Syracuse problem, Thwaites ...

The angles mpi/n (with m,n integers) for which the trigonometric functions may be expressed in terms of finite root extraction of real numbers are limited to values of m ...

The Engel expansion, also called the Egyptian product, of a positive real number x is the unique increasing sequence {a_1,a_2,...} of positive integers a_i such that ...

Consider the process of taking a number, multiplying its digits, then multiplying the digits of numbers derived from it, etc., until the remaining number has only one digit. ...

The q-binomial coefficient is a q-analog for the binomial coefficient, also called a Gaussian coefficient or a Gaussian polynomial. A q-binomial coefficient is given by [n; ...

An n-mark Golomb ruler is a set of n distinct nonnegative integers (a_1,a_2,...,a_n), called "marks," such that the positive differences |a_i-a_j|, computed over all possible ...

The set E of edges of a loopless graph (V,E), being a set of unordered pairs of elements of V, constitutes an adjacency relation on V. Formally, an adjacency relation is any ...

An alternating multilinear form on a real vector space V is a multilinear form F:V tensor ... tensor V->R (1) such that ...

A category of link encompassing both alternating knots and torus knots.

The angle of incidence of a ray to a surface is measured as the difference in angle between the ray and the normal vector of the surface at the point of intersection.