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Roman (1984, p. 2) describes umbral calculus as the study of the class of Sheffer sequences. Umbral calculus provides a formalism for the systematic derivation and ...

Machin-like formulas have the form mcot^(-1)u+ncot^(-1)v=1/4kpi, (1) where u, v, and k are positive integers and m and n are nonnegative integers. Some such formulas can be ...

The function frac(x) giving the fractional (noninteger) part of a real number x. The symbol {x} is sometimes used instead of frac(x) (Graham et al. 1994, p. 70; Havil 2003, ...

Let f be a real-valued function defined on an interval [a,b] and let x_0 in (a,b). The four one-sided limits D^+f(x_0)=lim sup_(x->x_0+)(f(x)-f(x_0))/(x-x_0), (1) ...

Li's criterion states that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the statement that, for lambda_n=1/((n-1)!)(d^n)/(ds^n)[s^(n-1)lnxi(s)]|_(s=1), (1) where xi(s) is the ...

The functional equation phi(f(x))=sphi(x), with s!=0,1.

The comass of a differential p-form phi is the largest value of phi on a p vector of p-volume one, sup_(v in ^ ^pTM,|v|=1)|phi(v)|.

Let K be a finite complex, and let phi:C_p(K)->C_p(K) be a chain map, then sum_(p)(-1)^pTr(phi,C_p(K))=sum_(p)(-1)^pTr(phi_*,H_p(K)/T_p(K)).

Given a marked point process Phi of the form Phi=(T,Y)=((T_n)_(n>=1),(Y_n)_(n>=1)), the space Y=(Y_n)_(n>=1) is said to be the mark space of Phi.

Let A and B be two *-algebras. An algebraic homomorphism phi:A->B is called *-homomorphism if it satisfies phi(a^*)=phi(a)^* for each a in A.