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A root-finding algorithm which converges to a complex root from any starting position. To motivate the formula, consider an nth order polynomial and its derivatives, P_n(x) = ...

Newton's iteration is an algorithm for computing the square root sqrt(n) of a number n via the recurrence equation x_(k+1)=1/2(x_k+n/(x_k)), (1) where x_0=1. This recurrence ...

Informally, a function f is a one-way function if 1. The description of f is publicly known and does not require any secret information for its operation. 2. Given x, it is ...

There appears to be no term in standard use for a graph with graph crossing number 1. Furthermore, the terms "almost planar" and "1-planar" are used in the literature for ...

Wynn's epsilon-method is a method for numerical evaluation of sums and products that samples a number of additional terms in the series and then tries to extrapolate them by ...

Baillie and Wagstaff (1980) and Pomerance et al. (1980, Pomerance 1984) proposed a test (or rather a related set of tests) based on a combination of strong pseudoprimes and ...

The elliptic curve factorization method, abbreviated ECM and sometimes also called the Lenstra elliptic curve method, is a factorization algorithm that computes a large ...

A lossless data compression algorithm which uses a small number of bits to encode common characters. Huffman coding approximates the probability for each character as a power ...

The Jacobi method is a method of solving a matrix equation on a matrix that has no zeros along its main diagonal (Bronshtein and Semendyayev 1997, p. 892). Each diagonal ...

The Knödel graph W_(Delta,n) is a regular bipartite graph of vertex degree Delta on n nodes for even n>=2 and 1<=Delta<=|_log_2n_| with edges defined as follows. Label the ...