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A riffle shuffle, also called the Faro shuffle, is a shuffle in which a deck of 2n cards is divided into two halves. The top half of the deck is placed in the left hand, and ...

A square root of x is a number r such that r^2=x. When written in the form x^(1/2) or especially sqrt(x), the square root of x may also be called the radical or surd. The ...

Cauchy's functional equation is the equation f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y). It was proved by Cauchy in 1821 that the only continuous solutions of this functional equation from R into R ...

There are no fewer than two closely related but somewhat different notions of gerbe in mathematics. For a fixed topological space X, a gerbe on X can refer to a stack of ...

The Ramsey number R(m,n) gives the solution to the party problem, which asks the minimum number of guests R(m,n) that must be invited so that at least m will know each other ...

A cipher is an algorithm that converts data (plaintext) to an obfuscated form that is not directly readable. Ciphers are usually used with the intention of hiding the ...

In the hyperbolic plane H^2, a pair of lines can be parallel (diverging from one another in one direction and intersecting at an ideal point at infinity in the other), can ...

The Klein-Beltrami model of hyperbolic geometry consists of an open disk in the Euclidean plane whose open chords correspond to hyperbolic lines. Two lines l and m are then ...

A hypersphere S^n is parallelizable if there are n vector fields that are linearly independent at each point. There exist only three parallelizable spheres: S^1, S^3, and S^7 ...

In elliptic n-space, the flat pole of an (n-1)-flat is a point located an arc length of pi/2 radians distant from each point of the (n-1)-flat. For an n-dimensional spherical ...