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The pseudosquare L_p modulo the odd prime p is the least nonsquare positive integer that is congruent to 1 (mod 8) and for which the Legendre symbol (L_p/q)=1 for all odd ...

The field of all rational and irrational numbers is called the real numbers, or simply the "reals," and denoted R. The set of real numbers is also called the continuum, ...

Finch (2001, 2003) defines a k-rough (or k-jagged) number to be positive integer all of whose prime factors are greater than or equal to k. Greene and Knuth define "unusual ...

Let X be a set of urelements, and let V(X) be the superstructure with X as its set of individuals. Let kappa be a cardinal number. An enlargement V(^*X) is kappa-saturated ...

A square matrix that does not have a matrix inverse. A matrix is singular iff its determinant is 0. For example, there are 10 singular 2×2 (0,1)-matrices: [0 0; 0 0],[0 0; 0 ...

The diagonal slash "/" used as the bar between numerator and denominator of an in-line fraction (Bringhurst 1997, p. 284). The solidus is also called a diagonal. Special care ...

The concept of a space is an extremely general and important mathematical construct. Members of the space obey certain addition properties. Spaces which have been ...

A Vandermonde matrix is a type of matrix that arises in the polynomial least squares fitting, Lagrange interpolating polynomials (Hoffman and Kunze p. 114), and the ...

Analysis

The hundred-dollar, hundred-digits challenge problems are a set of ten problems in numerical analysis published in the January/February 2002 issue of SIAM News ...