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The ant colony algorithm is an algorithm for finding optimal paths that is based on the behavior of ants searching for food. At first, the ants wander randomly. When an ant ...

The class of continuous functions is called the Baire class 0. For each n, the functions that can be considered as pointwise limits of sequences of functions of Baire class ...

An integer n is p-balanced for p a prime if, among all nonzero binomial coefficients (n; k) for k=0, ..., n (mod p), there are equal numbers of quadratic residues and ...

Ball tetrahedron picking is the selection of quadruples of points (corresponding to vertices of a general tetrahedron) randomly placed inside a ball. n random tetrahedra can ...

A phenomenological law also called the first digit law, first digit phenomenon, or leading digit phenomenon. Benford's law states that in listings, tables of statistics, ...

Let T be an ergodic endomorphism of the probability space X and let f:X->R be a real-valued measurable function. Then for almost every x in X, we have 1/nsum_(j=1)^nf ...

A cadlag function is a function, defined on R or a subset of R, that is right continuous and has a left limit. The acronym cadlag comes from the French "continue à droite, ...

A set of positive integers S is called sum-free if the equation x+y=z has no solutions x, y, z in S. The probability that a random sum-free set S consists entirely of odd ...

The symbol intersection , used for the intersection of sets, and sometimes also for the logical connective AND instead of the symbol ^ (wedge). In fact, for any two sets A ...

A function H that maps an arbitrary length message M to a fixed length message digest MD is a collision-free hash function if 1. It is a one-way hash function. 2. It is hard ...