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Given a set S with a subset E, the complement (denoted E^' or E^_) of E with respect to S is defined as E^'={F:F in S,F not in E}. (1) Using set difference notation, the ...

The dihedral angle is the angle theta between two planes. The dihedral angle between the planes a_1x+b_1y+c_1z+d_1 = 0 (1) a_2x+b_2y+c_2z+d_2 = 0 (2) which have normal ...

An (n,k) fountain is an arrangement of n coins in rows such that exactly k coins are in the bottom row and each coin in the (i+1)st row touches exactly two in the ith row. ...

Gibrat's distribution is a continuous distribution in which the logarithm of a variable x has a normal distribution, P(x)=1/(xsqrt(2pi))e^(-(lnx)^2/2), (1) defined over the ...

Let a Gram point g_n be called "good" if (-1)^nZ(g_n)>0, and "bad" otherwise (Rosser et al. 1969; Edwards 2001, p. 180). Then the interval between two consecutive good Gram ...

The nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function correspond to the eigenvalues of some Hermitian operator (Derbyshire 2004, pp. 277-278).

If and only if (i.e., necessary and sufficient). The terms "just if" or "exactly when" are sometimes used instead. A iff B is written symbolically as A<->B, A<=>B, A<->B, or ...

The l^2-norm (also written "l^2-norm") |x| is a vector norm defined for a complex vector x=[x_1; x_2; |; x_n] (1) by |x|=sqrt(sum_(k=1)^n|x_k|^2), (2) where |x_k| on the ...

An n×m matrix A^- is a 1-inverse of an m×n matrix A for which AA^-A=A. (1) The Moore-Penrose matrix inverse is a particular type of 1-inverse. A matrix equation Ax=b (2) has ...

Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture, published in 1973, asserts that the two-point correlation function R_2(r) for the zeros of the Riemann zeta function zeta(z) on the ...